Discount applied successfully

Buy custom Reaction Iodoethane with Saccharin, An Ambident Nucleophile

Essay's paper info
Topic: Science
Number of pages / Number of words: 4 / 908
Essay's paper body

In this experiment, we alkylate sodium saccharin to N-ethylsaccharin with iodoethane in an aprotic solvent N, N dimethylformamide. Nucleophiles in this experiment will react better in an aprotic solvent. Aprotic solvents have dipoles due to their polar bonds but they do not have H atoms that can be donated into an H-bond. The anions which are the O- and N- of sodium saccharin are not solvated therefore are “naked” and the reaction is not inhibited and preceded at an accelerated rate. The reaction was an SN2 reaction.

Benefit from our service: Save 25%

Along with the first order offer - 15% discount (with the code order15off), you save extra 10% since we provide 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page

Order now

Since the Oxygen and Nitrogen are more electronegative than the carbon on which they’re attached electrons are pulled towards O- and N- attracting the ethane from Iodoethane. Iodine being more electronegative breaks off from ethane and joins the Na+. Since the Oxygen of sodium saccharin is more electronegative than the nitrogen, therefore, this gives oxygen a higher partial negative charge, therefore, an attack on Oxygen will give a product that is formed faster; this can be called a kinetic product. The transition state energy is lower than a product formation by thermodynamic control. At thermal equilibrium at 80°C, a more stable product is formed from higher transitional state energy.

The nucleophiles in the molecule sodium saccharin are O- and N- and the major product formed depending on which oh the nucleophile was attacked most in the reaction. Nucleophilic attack by nitrogen will yield N-ethylsaccharin and nucleophilic attach by oxygen will yield O-ethylsaccharin. “N-saccharin is more stable than O- ethylsaccharin because the Ethyl group is attached to the Nitrogen giving the same spacial configuration for the five-membered ring (which is flat or planar).” (Richard y.a.). The carbonyl carbon is sp2 and flat. This has little ring strain and is stable. The first bond between carbon and oxygen in a carbonyl group is created by overlapping an sp2 hybrid orbital from carbon with an sp2 hybrid orbital from oxygen (sigma bond). The second bond between carbon and oxygen is created by overlapping a p orbital from carbon with a p orbital from oxygen (pi bond). The two remaining sp2 hybrid orbitals on oxygen are used to hold oxygen's lone pairs(bruice). O-ethylsaccharin is then less stable because the Ethyl group is attached to the Oxygen that used to be a carbonyl group, giving the Carbon a sp3 configuration (joined to two other carbons, the Oxygen with the Ethyl group and a Hydrogen).

This puts a strain on the ring, and therefore is less stable.”(Richard y.a.). Upon mixing the reactants, sodium saccharin slightly dissolved producing a clear colorless liquid. When placed at an 80°C hot bath, the solution completely dissolved and turned yellowish-green. Iodoethane is a clear and colorless liquid, but when exposed to light and air the Iodide dissociates from ethane and gives off a yellow color as a sign of decomposition. The solution was covered to prevent this from happening. But, as iodide dissociates from CH3CH2 that then gave off its yellowish color which shows SN2 reaction taking place. SN2 reaction happened fast The limiting Reagent is Iodoethane, as the alkylating agent; it was not used in excess and dictated how far the reaction went. The Na+ binds with I-(noted disappearance of the yellow color, as I- binds with Na+) then the ethane group bonds with either the Oxygen of saccharin or the Nitrogen of saccharin. The final product after vacuum filtration had some unreacted material, indicated by some yellow-green solid formation.

The actual product was homogenous white powder. Therefore, one cannot tell if two products were formed by visual inspection only. In order to identify whether the product was majorly N-ethylsaccharin or O- ethylsaccharin, a melting point was done to a sample. N-ethylsaccharin has a melting point of 95°C and O-ethylsaccharin has a melting point of 211°C. If our product is a mixture, there should be a wide melting point range and partial melting would be observed close to 95°C and some solids would still be present until everything melts when the temperature is close to 211°C. The average melting point observed was 79.5°C- 83.5°C which is close to the expected melting point 95°C of N-ethylsaccharin.

This indicates that the product formed was N-ethylsaccharin. But since there is about 10+ degree difference from 95°C, it indicates melting point depression. Possibly because unreacted material or other impurities were mixed with the final product. For product confirmation, and HNMR spectrum was handed by the instructor. The signal is given off at (?= 1.3 ppm) indicates that there are Sp3 C- H’s and the signal given off at (?=7.7ppm) is an indication that there is a benzene ring. The signal in the HNMR spectrum for the methylene protons of an ?? OCH2CH3 group appears farther downfield at (?=4.5ppm) because oxygen atom has a stronger deshielding effect on Hydrogen than what a nitrogen atom will do. The signal at (?= 3.8ppm) corresponds to ?? NCH2CH3 group. Since the methylene protons have three adjacent hydrogens around, both signals would have 4 splittings or a quartet. Percentages of N-ethylsaccharin and O-ethylsaccharin in the final product can be determined by integration. But since integration was not shown, approximation by the ratio of peaks can tell the ratio between N-ethylsaccharin and O-ethylsaccharin in the product. The signal at (?=3.8 ppm) which corresponds to ?? NCH2CH3 group is three times the length of the signal given off by ?? OCH2CH3 group. This indicates that there are about 75% N-ethylsaccharin and 25% O-ethylsaccharin in the final product according to the HNMR spectrum.

General points of the essay

Reaction Iodoethane with Saccharin, An Ambident Nucleophile Saccharin Record Producing Slightly Stoopid An Investigation Of The Reaction Between Hcl And Sodium Thiosulphate Chemistry Rates of Reaction Coursework: Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Determining The Concentration Of An Aqueous Solution Of Sodium Hydroxide, Naoh. Did The Actual Amount Of Reactants And The Catalyst In The Decomposition Of Hydrogen Peroxide With A Manganese (Iv) Oxide Catalyst Reaction Match Up To The Theoretical Stoichiometric Amounts According To The Balanced Equ Diffusion on a liquid in a liquid Faster Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit modified winkler method for dissolved oxygen determination Phosphates and dissolved oxygen Rate Of Reaction - Sodium Thiosulphate And Hydrochloric Acid Separation of Acid, Base and Neutral Compounds from a Solid Mixture by Liquid-Liquid Extraction One Nation, Slightly Divisible

Need an Essay?

Choose one of the options below

Custom Written Essays

  • Order plagiarism free custom written essay
  • All essays are written from scratch by professional writers according to your instructions and delivered to your email on time. Prices start from $11.99 /page
Order Custom Paper

Full Access to Essays Database

  • This option gives you the immediate access to all 184 988 essays
  • You get access to all the essays and can view as many of them as you like for as little as $28.95/month
Buy Database Access
Essays related to the topic
Title Pages / Words Select
Chemistry: Observation Of Various Experiments essay 3 / 767
Learning Basic Procedures essay 3 / 568
Observing Chemical Reactions (Can be used for assessment layout or for actual prac) essay 3 / 692
Plan of a titration to work out the acidity of acid rain. essay 3 / 790
Solution Text Notes essay 2 / 494
solutions lab essay 3 / 783
Detecting Signs of Chemical Change essay 5 / 1380
Services