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| Topic: |
Science
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| Number of pages / Number of words: |
18 / 4849 |
Essay's paper body
Divided into two parts:
o Or Gastrointestinal tract
o Hollow tube from mouth to anus
o Food material inside the tract is considered to be outside the body b/c the canal is open to the external environment at both ends
o It digests food and absorbs the digested fragments
o Organs include
§ Mouth
§ Pharynx
§ Esophagus
§ Stomach
§ Small intestine
§ Large intestine
- Accessory digestive organs
o Organs include
§ Teeth
§ Tongue
§ Gall bladder
§ Salivary glands
§ Liver
§ Pancreas
o The teeth and tongue are in the oral cavity while digestive glands and gallbladder lie outside the GI tract and connect to it by ducts
o Most of the accessory digestive organs are in the abdomino-pelvic cavity
§ Covered by a serous membrane called the visceral peritoneum
§ Parietal peritoneum covering the abdominal walls of the abdomino-pelvic cavity
§ B/w these two layers is a thin layer of fluid produced by the serous membranes
- Lubricates b/c these organs are moving
§ Organs are held in place, and anchored to the abdominal wall (b/c they are moving) by mesentery
- A double layer of peritoneum
o Sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall
- Also a fat storage area
- Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to reach the digestive viscera
GI tract
- Hollow tube w/ 4 distinct layers
o Central is the hollow portion called the lumen
o Mucosa
§ Layer closest to the lumen
§ Wet epithelial membrane (simple columnar epithelium)
§ Often w/ a lot of goblet cells to secret mucous
- Mucous lubricates food to help it pass through the canal
- Mucous lining protects the wall of the GI tract from digestive enzymes (in the stomach and small intestine) and HCl from the stomach?PROTECTIVE
§ Epithelial layer rests on a thin layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
- Has a lot of blood vessels to get broken down nutrients into the blood so they can be distributed to tissues
- Blood vessels also nourish the epithelium
§ Beyond the lamina propria is a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae
- Contraction of this layer moves the epithelium around so food trapped in the mucosa is dislodged and proceeds through the tract
- In the small intestine this layer throws the mucosa into a series of small folds that increases the surface area greatly
o Submucosa
§ Layer of dense connective tissue just external to the mucosa
§ Contains lots of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles and nerve fibers
§ Has a rich supply of elastic fibers that enables the stomach to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal
§ The vascular network supplies the surrounding tissues of the GI tract wall
o Muscularis externa
§ Muscular layer
§ Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
§ In most of the GI tract it is 2 layers of smooth muscle
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
- In several places along the tract, the circular layer thickens, forming sphincters that act as valves to prevent the backflow and control food passage from one organ to the next
o Visceral peritoneum or Serosa
§ Protective outermost layer
§ Formed by areolar connective tissue covered w/ mesothelium (a single layer of squamous epithelial cells)
** FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE GI TRACT**
o Extends form the lips anteriorly to the oropharynx
o Lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium
§ Protective
§ On gums, hard palate and dorsum of the tongue the epithelium is keratinized to give extra protection against abrasion when eating
o Lips and cheeks
§ Lips extend from the bottom of the nose to indentation on the chin
§ What we call lips (where lipstick is applied) is called the red margin
- This area is red b/c it is poorly keratinized
- No sweat glands, no sebaceous glands
o Causes dryness and cracking due to the elements
§ Lips and cheeks help to keep food b/w the teeth when we chew and play a small role in speech
- Lips formed by the obicularis oris muscle
- Cheeks are formed largely by the buccinators
o The palate
§ Hard anteriorly
- Is the rigid surface that the tongue forces food against when chewing
§ Soft posteriorly
- Mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
- Uvula projects downward from it
o Uvula and soft palate rise to close off the nasopharynx when we swallow
o The tongue
§ Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
§ Skeletal muscle covered w/ epithelium
§ During chewing, it grips food and constantly repositions it b/w the teeth
§ Also mixes the food w/ saliva forming a compact mass called the bolus and pushes it back into the oropharynx
- Before the oropharynx, usage of the tongue is voluntary
- After the oropharynx, movement is involuntary and controlled by the medulla and pons
§ Has both intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle fibers
o Confined in the tongue and not attached to bone
o Muscle fibers running in several planes allow the tongue to change shape (but not position) as necessary for speech and swallowing
o Extend the tongue from their points of origin on the bones of the skull or the soft palate
o Protrude, retract and move the tongue from side to side
§ Lingual frenulum is a fold of mucosa that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth so that it cannot be swallowed
§ Papillae are rough peg-like projections of the tongue
o Conical in shape
o Give the tongue surface its rough texture that aids in licking and provides friction for manipulating food
o Mushroom-shaped
o Scattered widely on the tongue surface
o Each has a vascular core, giving them a reddish tint
o Some are on the esophagus
o 10-12 arranged in a V, located at the back of the tongue
o Resemble fungiform but have a surrounding groove
- Tastebuds are located on the fungiform and circumvallate papillae
o Pick up tastes that are sweet, salty, sour and bitter
o Japanese suggest another tastebud, the umami, which means delicious
§ Makes you crave protein in red meat
§ Beyond the cirumvallate is the sulcus terminalis, a groove that distinguishes the anterior two thirds of the tongue in the oral cavity from the posterior 1/3 in the oropharynx
o Salivary glands
§ Extrinsic salivary glands produce most of the saliva
o 2 masses, 1 in front of each ear
o Secretion is mostly a watery fluid from serous cells
o Become inflamed w/ mumps
o Secretes a watery fluid (serous cells) plus mucous (mucous cells) called seromucous
o Size of a walnut located along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
o Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue
o These are mucous glands
§ Intrinsic salivary glands also called buccal glands are scattered through the oral cavity mucosa
§ Saliva
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Divided into two parts:
o Or Gastrointestinal tract
o Hollow tube from mouth to anus
o Food material inside the tract is considered to be outside the body b/c the canal is open to the external environment at both ends
o It digests food and absorbs the digested fragments
o Organs include
§ Mouth
§ Pharynx
§ Esophagus
§ Stomach
§ Small intestine
§ Large intestine
- Accessory digestive organs
o Organs include
§ Teeth
§ Tongue
§ Gall bladder
§ Salivary glands
§ Liver
§ Pancreas
o The teeth and tongue are in the oral cavity while digestive glands and gallbladder lie outside the GI tract and connect to it by ducts
o Most of the accessory digestive organs are in the abdomino-pelvic cavity
§ Covered by a serous membrane called the visceral peritoneum
§ Parietal peritoneum covering the abdominal walls of the abdomino-pelvic cavity
§ B/w these two layers is a thin layer of fluid produced by the serous membranes
- Lubricates b/c these organs are moving
§ Organs are held in place, and anchored to the abdominal wall (b/c they are moving) by mesentery
- A double layer of peritoneum
o Sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall
- Also a fat storage area
- Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to reach the digestive viscera
GI tract
- Hollow tube w/ 4 distinct layers
o Central is the hollow portion called the lumen
o Mucosa
§ Layer closest to the lumen
§ Wet epithelial membrane (simple columnar epithelium)
§ Often w/ a lot of goblet cells to secret mucous
- Mucous lubricates food to help it pass through the canal
- Mucous lining protects the wall of the GI tract from digestive enzymes (in the stomach and small intestine) and HCl from the stomach?PROTECTIVE
§ Epithelial layer rests on a thin layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
- Has a lot of blood vessels to get broken down nutrients into the blood so they can be distributed to tissues
- Blood vessels also nourish the epithelium
§ Beyond the lamina propria is a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae
- Contraction of this layer moves the epithelium around so food trapped in the mucosa is dislodged and proceeds through the tract
- In the small intestine this layer throws the mucosa into a series of small folds that increases the surface area greatly
o Submucosa
§ Layer of dense connective tissue just external to the mucosa
§ Contains lots of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles and nerve fibers
§ Has a rich supply of elastic fibers that enables the stomach to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal
§ The vascular network supplies the surrounding tissues of the GI tract wall
o Muscularis externa
§ Muscular layer
§ Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
§ In most of the GI tract it is 2 layers of smooth muscle
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
- In several places along the tract, the circular layer thickens, forming sphincters that act as valves to prevent the backflow and control food passage from one organ to the next
o Visceral peritoneum or Serosa
§ Protective outermost layer
§ Formed by areolar connective tissue covered w/ mesothelium (a single layer of squamous epithelial cells)
** FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE GI TRACT**
o Extends form the lips anteriorly to the oropharynx
o Lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium
§ Protective
§ On gums, hard palate and dorsum of the tongue the epithelium is keratinized to give extra protection against abrasion when eating
o Lips and cheeks
§ Lips extend from the bottom of the nose to indentation on the chin
§ What we call lips (where lipstick is applied) is called the red margin
- This area is red b/c it is poorly keratinized
- No sweat glands, no sebaceous glands
o Causes dryness and cracking due to the elements
§ Lips and cheeks help to keep food b/w the teeth when we chew and play a small role in speech
- Lips formed by the obicularis oris muscle
- Cheeks are formed largely by the buccinators
o The palate
§ Hard anteriorly
- Is the rigid surface that the tongue forces food against when chewing
§ Soft posteriorly
- Mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
- Uvula projects downward from it
o Uvula and soft palate rise to close off the nasopharynx when we swallow
o The tongue
§ Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
§ Skeletal muscle covered w/ epithelium
§ During chewing, it grips food and constantly repositions it b/w the teeth
§ Also mixes the food w/ saliva forming a compact mass called the bolus and pushes it back into the oropharynx
- Before the oropharynx, usage of the tongue is voluntary
- After the oropharynx, movement is involuntary and controlled by the medulla and pons
§ Has both intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle fibers
o Confined in the tongue and not attached to bone
o Muscle fibers running in several planes allow the tongue to change shape (but not position) as necessary for speech and swallowing
o Extend the tongue from their points of origin on the bones of the skull or the soft palate
o Protrude, retract and move the tongue from side to side
§ Lingual frenulum is a fold of mucosa that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth so that it cannot be swallowed
§ Papillae are rough peg-like projections of the tongue
o Conical in shape
o Give the tongue surface its rough texture that aids in licking and provides friction for manipulating food
o Mushroom-shaped
o Scattered widely on the tongue surface
o Each has a vascular core, giving them a reddish tint
o Some are on the esophagus
o 10-12 arranged in a V, located at the back of the tongue
o Resemble fungiform but have a surrounding groove
- Tastebuds are located on the fungiform and circumvallate papillae
o Pick up tastes that are sweet, salty, sour and bitter
o Japanese suggest another tastebud, the umami, which means delicious
§ Makes you crave protein in red meat
§ Beyond the cirumvallate is the sulcus terminalis, a groove that distinguishes the anterior two thirds of the tongue in the oral cavity from the posterior 1/3 in the oropharynx
o Salivary glands
§ Extrinsic salivary glands produce most of the saliva
o 2 masses, 1 in front of each ear
o Secretion is mostly a watery fluid from serous cells
o Become inflamed w/ mumps
o Secretes a watery fluid (serous cells) plus mucous (mucous cells) called seromucous
o Size of a walnut located along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
o Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue
o These are mucous glands
§ Intrinsic salivary glands also called buccal glands are scattered through the oral cavity mucosa
§ Saliva
Essay fragment
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