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| Topic: |
Psychology
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| Number of pages / Number of words: |
2 / 527 |
Essay's paper body
Thoughts on Learning
"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival."
? W. Edwards Demming
"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten."
? B.F. Skinner
"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it."
? Pablo Picasso
What is Learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior
that results from experience
Types of Learning
? Classical conditioning
? Operant conditioning
? Cognitive and social learning
Classical Conditioning: Examples
? Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palms
? Smell of mom's perfume: smiling
? Sight of certain restaurant: nausea
? Noise of a can opener: cat comes running
? Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity
Classical Conditioning
? Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov's Observation
? Studied digestion in dogs
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1
? Food (US): salivation (UR)
? Reflexive response
? Tone (CS): nothing (CR)
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2
? CS is repeatedly paired with the US
? A tone is sounded before the food is presented
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3
? Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR
? Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation
Classical Conditioning:
Conditioned Emotional Response
? Avoidance learning
? Conditioned phobias
? Little Albert
Classical Conditioning
? Extinction
? Spontaneous recovery
Classical Conditioning
? Stimulus generalization
? Stimulus discrimination
Higher Order Conditioning
? Pair CS1 with a new CS2
? CS2: CR
? But, CR will be weaker
Classical Conditioning Applied
? Drug overdoses
? Smoking: environmental cues
? Systematic desensitization
? Advertising: sex appeal
? Taste aversion
? Conditioning and the immune system
Types of Learning
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? Cognitive and Social Learning
Operant Conditioning: Examples
? Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums
? Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums
? Slot machine pays out: gamble more
? Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit
Operant Conditioning
? Thorndike's puzzle box
? Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated
? Skinner box
Operant Conditioning: Principles
? Stimulus-Response
? Reinforcement
? Positive reinforcement
? Negative reinforcement
Effective Punishment
? Should be
? Swift
? Consistent
? Appropriately aversive
? Challenges
? Physical punishment may be imitated
? May fear the person who punishes
? Most effective when paired with reinforcers
Reinforcement
? Primary reinforcers
? Secondary reinforcers
? Behavior modification
? Immediate versus delayed reinforcement
Beyond Basic Reinforcement
? Generalization
? Discrimination
? Discriminative stimulus
? Extinction
? Spontaneous recovery
Building Complex Behaviors
? Shaping
? Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior
? Used to train animals to do complex tricks
Reinforcement Schedules
? Continuous reinforcement
? Partial reinforcement
? Fixed interval
? Variable interval
? Fixed ratio
? Variable ratio
Reinforcement Schedules
Classical versus Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning
? Learned association between US and CS
? Organism is passive
? Responses elicited
Operant conditioning
? Associate response and reinforcement
? Organism is active
? Responses emitted
Types of Learning
? Classical conditioning
? Operant conditioning
? Cognitive and social learning
Cognitive Learning
? Latent learning
? Tolman's rats: cognitive maps
Cognitive Learning
? Insight learning
? "Aha" experience
Observational Learning
? Bandura's Bobo doll study
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Thoughts on Learning
"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival."
? W. Edwards Demming
"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten."
? B.F. Skinner
"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it."
? Pablo Picasso
What is Learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior
that results from experience
Types of Learning
? Classical conditioning
? Operant conditioning
? Cognitive and social learning
Classical Conditioning: Examples
? Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palms
? Smell of mom's perfume: smiling
? Sight of certain restaurant: nausea
? Noise of a can opener: cat comes running
? Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity
Classical Conditioning
? Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov's Observation
? Studied digestion in dogs
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1
? Food (US): salivation (UR)
? Reflexive response
? Tone (CS): nothing (CR)
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2
? CS is repeatedly paired with the US
? A tone is sounded before the food is presented
Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3
? Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR
? Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation
Classical Conditioning:
Conditioned Emotional Response
? Avoidance learning
? Conditioned phobias
? Little Albert
Classical Conditioning
? Extinction
? Spontaneous recovery
Classical Conditioning
? Stimulus generalization
? Stimulus discrimination
Higher Order Conditioning
? Pair CS1 with a new CS2
? CS2: CR
? But, CR will be weaker
Classical Conditioning Applied
? Drug overdoses
? Smoking: environmental cues
? Systematic desensitization
? Advertising: sex appeal
? Taste aversion
? Conditioning and the immune system
Types of Learning
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? Cognitive and Social Learning
Operant Conditioning: Examples
? Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums
? Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums
? Slot machine pays out: gamble more
? Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit
Operant Conditioning
? Thorndike's puzzle box
? Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated
? Skinner box
Operant Conditioning: Principles
? Stimulus-Response
? Reinforcement
? Positive reinforcement
? Negative reinforcement
Effective Punishment
? Should be
? Swift
? Consistent
? Appropriately aversive
? Challenges
? Physical punishment may be imitated
? May fear the person who punishes
? Most effective when paired with reinforcers
Reinforcement
? Primary reinforcers
? Secondary reinforcers
? Behavior modification
? Immediate versus delayed reinforcement
Beyond Basic Reinforcement
? Generalization
? Discrimination
? Discriminative stimulus
? Extinction
? Spontaneous recovery
Building Complex Behaviors
? Shaping
? Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior
? Used to train animals to do complex tricks
Reinforcement Schedules
? Continuous reinforcement
? Partial reinforcement
? Fixed interval
? Variable interval
? Fixed ratio
? Variable ratio
Reinforcement Schedules
Classical versus Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning
? Learned association between US and CS
? Organism is passive
? Responses elicited
Operant conditioning
? Associate response and reinforcement
? Organism is active
? Responses emitted
Types of Learning
? Classical conditioning
? Operant conditioning
? Cognitive and social learning
Cognitive Learning
? Latent learning
? Tolman's rats: cognitive maps
Cognitive Learning
? Insight learning
? "Aha" experience
Observational Learning
? Bandura's Bobo doll study
Essay fragment
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