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It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do,

as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the

standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and

effects, are fastened to their throne."

From this insight about pleasure and pain, Bentham develops as his

ethical touchstone the notion of "utility": "that property in any

object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure,

good or happiness, (all this in the present case comes to the same

thing) or (what comes again to the same thing) to prevent the

happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose

interest is considered: if that party be the community in general,

then the happiness of the community: if a particular individual,

then the happiness of that individual...

. . [is] the right and proper,

and only right and proper and universally desirable, end of human action."

Aiming to make ethics practical, Bentham even proposed a system for

measuring the amount of pleasure and pain that an action produces.

Called the hedonistic calculus, Bentham's system identifies seven

aspects of an action's consequence that can be used to compare the

results of different deeds: the intrinsic strength of the

pleasurable or painful feelings produced (intensity), how long they

last (duration), how likely it is that these sensations will be

produced by a given action (certainty or uncertainty), how soon they

will be felt (propinquity or remoteness), whether these feelings

will lead to future pleasures (fecundity) or pains (purity), and the

number of people affected (extent)...

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