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Topic: Psychology
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Thoughts on Learning

"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival."

? W. Edwards Demming

"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten."

? B.F. Skinner

"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it."

? Pablo Picasso

What is Learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior

that results from experience

Types of Learning

? Classical conditioning

? Operant conditioning

? Cognitive and social learning

Classical Conditioning: Examples

? Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palms

? Smell of mom's perfume: smiling

? Sight of certain restaurant: nausea

? Noise of a can opener: cat comes running

? Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity

Classical Conditioning

? Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov's Observation

? Studied digestion in dogs

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1

? Food (US): salivation (UR)

? Reflexive response

? Tone (CS): nothing (CR)

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2

? CS is repeatedly paired with the US

? A tone is sounded before the food is presented

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3

? Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR

? Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation

Classical Conditioning:

Conditioned Emotional Response

? Avoidance learning

? Conditioned phobias

? Little Albert

Classical Conditioning

? Extinction

? Spontaneous recovery

Classical Conditioning

? Stimulus generalization

? Stimulus discrimination

Higher Order Conditioning

? Pair CS1 with a new CS2

? CS2: CR

? But, CR will be weaker

Classical Conditioning Applied

? Drug overdoses

? Smoking: environmental cues

? Systematic desensitization

? Advertising: sex appeal

? Taste aversion

? Conditioning and the immune system

Types of Learning

? Classical Conditioning

? Operant Conditioning

? Cognitive and Social Learning

Operant Conditioning: Examples

? Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums

? Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums

? Slot machine pays out: gamble more

? Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit

Operant Conditioning

? Thorndike's puzzle box

? Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated

? Skinner box

Operant Conditioning: Principles

? Stimulus-Response

? Reinforcement

? Positive reinforcement

? Negative reinforcement

Effective Punishment

? Should be

? Swift

? Consistent

? Appropriately aversive

? Challenges

? Physical punishment may be imitated

? May fear the person who punishes

? Most effective when paired with reinforcers

Reinforcement

? Primary reinforcers

? Secondary reinforcers

? Behavior modification

? Immediate versus delayed reinforcement

Beyond Basic Reinforcement

? Generalization

? Discrimination

? Discriminative stimulus

? Extinction

? Spontaneous recovery

Building Complex Behaviors

? Shaping

? Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior

? Used to train animals to do complex tricks

Reinforcement Schedules

? Continuous reinforcement

? Partial reinforcement

? Fixed interval

? Variable interval

? Fixed ratio

? Variable ratio

Reinforcement Schedules

Classical versus Operant Conditioning

Classical conditioning

? Learned association between US and CS

? Organism is passive

? Responses elicited

Operant conditioning

? Associate response and reinforcement

? Organism is active

? Responses emitted

Types of Learning

? Classical conditioning

? Operant conditioning

? Cognitive and social learning

Cognitive Learning

? Latent learning

? Tolman's rats: cognitive maps

Cognitive Learning

? Insight learning

? "Aha" experience

Observational Learning

? Bandura's Bobo doll study


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Thoughts on Learning

"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival."

? W. Edwards Demming

"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten."

? B.F. Skinner

"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it."

? Pablo Picasso

What is Learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior

that results from experience

Types of Learning

? Classical conditioning

? Operant conditioning

? Cognitive and social learning

Classical Conditioning: Examples

? Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palms

? Smell of mom's perfume: smiling

? Sight of certain restaurant: nausea

? Noise of a can opener: cat comes running

? Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity

Classical Conditioning

? Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov's Observation

? Studied digestion in dogs

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1

? Food (US): salivation (UR)

? Reflexive response

? Tone (CS): nothing (CR)

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2

? CS is repeatedly paired with the US

? A tone is sounded before the food is presented

Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3

? Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR

? Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation

Classical Conditioning:

Conditioned Emotional Response

? Avoidance learning

? Conditioned phobias

? Little Albert

Classical Conditioning

? Extinction

? Spontaneous recovery

Classical Conditioning

? Stimulus generalization

? Stimulus discrimination

Higher Order Conditioning

? Pair CS1 with a new CS2

? CS2: CR

? But, CR will be weaker

Classical Conditioning Applied

? Drug overdoses

? Smoking: environmental cues

? Systematic desensitization

? Advertising: sex appeal

? Taste aversion

? Conditioning and the immune system

Types of Learning

? Classical Conditioning

? Operant Conditioning

? Cognitive and Social Learning

Operant Conditioning: Examples

? Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums

? Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums

? Slot machine pays out: gamble more

? Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit

Operant Conditioning

? Thorndike's puzzle box

? Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated

? Skinner box

Operant Conditioning: Principles

? Stimulus-Response

? Reinforcement

? Positive reinforcement

? Negative reinforcement

Effective Punishment

? Should be

? Swift

? Consistent

? Appropriately aversive

? Challenges

? Physical punishment may be imitated

? May fear the person who punishes

? Most effective when paired with reinforcers

Reinforcement

? Primary reinforcers

? Secondary reinforcers

? Behavior modification

? Immediate versus delayed reinforcement

Beyond Basic Reinforcement

? Generalization

? Discrimination

? Discriminative stimulus

? Extinction

? Spontaneous recovery

Building Complex Behaviors

? Shaping

? Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior

? Used to train animals to do complex tricks

Reinforcement Schedules

? Continuous reinforcement

? Partial reinforcement

? Fixed interval

? Variable interval

? Fixed ratio

? Variable ratio

Reinforcement Schedules

Classical versus Operant Conditioning

Classical conditioning

? Learned association between US and CS

? Organism is passive

? Responses elicited

Operant conditioning

? Associate response and reinforcement

? Organism is active

? Responses emitted

Types of Learning

? Classical conditioning

? Operant conditioning

? Cognitive and social learning

Cognitive Learning

? Latent learning

? Tolman's rats: cognitive maps

Cognitive Learning

? Insight learning

? "Aha" experience

Observational Learning

? Bandura's Bobo doll study


Essay fragment

General points of the essay

Distance Learning Survival Guide How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning The Changing Face of Further Education: Lifelong Learning, Inclusion and Community Values in Further Education Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning Classical vs Operant Conditioning Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Conditioning and Learning classical v. operant conditioning Focusing On One Specific Learning Disability Analyse The Learning Deficits Of Children Affected. Use A Psychology Of Instruction Model To Structure Your Analysis. Justin the Lonely Fourth Grader: An Example of Social, Operant, and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Research on Fixed Intervals in Conditioning and Learning Operant Conditioning By B. F Skinner Distance Learning Student Survival Guide Student Survival Guide For Distance Learning Education

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